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Tillery, Alvin Bernard, and Michell Chresfield. “Model Blacks or ‘Ras the Exhorter’: A Quantitative Content Analysis of Black Newspapers’ Coverage of the First Wave of Afro-Caribbean Immigration to the United States.” Journal of Black Studies, vol. 43, no. 5, Sage Publications, Inc., 2012, pp. 545–70,  http://www.jstor.org/stable/23215233new window

Williams, Kim M. “Black Political Interests on Immigrant Rights: Evidence from Black Newspapers, 2000–2013.” Journal of African American Studies, vol. 20, no. 3/4, 2016, pp. 248–271. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44508180new window 

Zong, Lie and Jeanne Batalova. “Caribbean Immigrants in the United States.” Migration Policy Institute. 13 Feb. 2019. https://www.migrationpolicyinstitute-europe.com/article/caribbean-immigrants-united-states-2009

MCLEAN, CHERYL A. “Racialized Tensions in the Multimodal Literacies of Black Immigrant Youth.” Teachers College Record, vol. 122, no. 13, Oct. 2020, pp. 1–22.

SKERRETT, ALLISON, and LAKEYA OMOGUN. “When Racial, Transnational, and Immigrant Identities, Literacies, and Languages Meet: Black Youth of Caribbean Origin Speak.” Teachers College Record, vol. 122, no. 13, Oct. 2020, pp. 1–24.

Smith, Naila A., et al. “Caribbean Immigrant Youths’ Ethnic Identity and Academic Achievement: The Role of Academic Beliefs.” Youth & Society, Dec. 2020, p. 1.  doi:10.1177/0044118x20981382.

Jones, Caralee, and Christy L. Erving. “Structural Constraints and Lived Realities: Negotiating Racial and Ethnic Identities for African Caribbeans in the United States.” Journal of Black Studies, vol. 46, no. 5, 2015, pp. 521–46. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24572889new window 

Warner, Oswald. “Black in America Too: Afro-Caribbean Immigrants.” Social and Economic Studies, vol. 61, no. 4, 2012, pp. 69–103. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/24384427new window

Taylor, Robert Joseph, et al. “Religious Involvement among Caribbean Blacks Residing in the United States.” Review of Religious Research, vol. 52, no. 2, 2010, pp. 125–145. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/23054149new window

Ater, Renée. “Making History: Meta Warrick Fuller's ‘Ethiopia.’” American Art, vol. 17, no. 3, 2003, pp. 13–1. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1215807new window

Demissie, Fassil, Ed. Ethiopians in an Age of Migration: Scattered Lives Beyond Borders. Routledge, 2017.

Demessie, Menna. “Rethinking the American Dream: The Cost of Coming to America: Immigration and Depression in the Case of Sinedu Tadesse.” International Journal of Ethiopian Studies, vol. 4, no. 1/2, 2009, pp. 85–104. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27828906new window

Farmer, Ashley D.. “Mothers of Pan-Africanism: Audley Moore and Dara Abubakari.” Women, Gender, and Families of Color, vol. 4, no. 2, University of Illinois Press, 2016, pp. 274–95, https://doi.org/10.5406/womgenfamcol.4.2.0274new window

Gebrekidan, Fikru Negash. “Ethiopia in Black Studies from W. E. B. Du Bois to Henry Louis Gates, Jr.” Northeast African Studies, vol. 15, no. 1, Michigan State University Press, 2015, pp. 1–34, https://doi.org/10.14321/nortafristud.15.1.0001new window

Getachew, Solomon Addis. The History of Ethiopian Immigrants and Refugees in America, 1900-2000. LFB Scholarly Publishing, 2006.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21674736.2018.1512809new window

Guenther, Katja M., et al. “The Impact of Intersecting Dimensions of Inequality and Identity on the Racial Status of Eastern African Immigrants.” Sociological Forum, vol. 26, no. 1, 2011, pp. 98–120. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/23027283new window

Jalata, Asafa. “Comparing the African American And Oromo Movements in the Global Context.” Social Justice, vol. 30, no. 1 (91), 2003, pp. 67–111. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/29768167new window

Kobel, Paul S. "Ethiopian Americans." Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, 3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2014, pp. 107-118.

Levine, Donald N. “Ethiopia's Nationhood Reconsidered.” Análise Social, vol. 46, no. 199, 2011, pp. 311–327. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41494856new window

Levine, Donald N. “Reconfiguring the Ethiopian Nation in a Global Era.” International Journal of Ethiopian Studies, vol. 1, no. 2, 2004, pp. 1–15. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/27828836new window

McVety, Amanda Kay. “The 1903 Skinner Mission: Images of Ethiopia in the Progressive Era.” The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, vol. 10, no. 2, Society for Historians of the Gilded Age & Progressive Era, 2011, pp. 187–212, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23045157new window

Metaferia, Getachew. Ethiopia and the United States: History, Diplomacy, and Analysis. NC, Algora, 2009.

Putnam, Aric. “Ethiopia Is Now: J. A. Rogers and the Rhetoric of Black Anticolonialism During the Great Depression.” Rhetoric and Public Affairs, vol. 10, no. 3, 2007, pp. 419–444. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41940154new window

Quirin, James. “W.E.B. Du Bois, Ethiopianism and Ethiopia, 1890-1955.” International Journal of Ethiopian Studies, vol. 5, no. 2, 2010, pp. 1–26. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41757589new window 

Scott, William. “The Ethiopian Ethos in African American Thought.” International Journal of Ethiopian Studies, vol. 1, no. 2, 2004, pp. 40–57. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/27828838new window

White, Aaronette M. “Unpacking Black Feminist Pedagogy in Ethiopia.” Feminist Teacher, vol. 21, no. 3, University of Illinois Press, 2011, pp. 195–211, https://doi.org/10.5406/femteacher.21.3.0195new window

“The Ethiopian Diaspora in the United States.” Migration Policy Institute. July 2014.

Jalata, Asafa. “The Place of the Oromo Diaspora in the Oromo National Movement: Lessons from the Agency of the ‘Old’ African Diaspora in the United States.” Northeast African Studies, vol. 9, no. 3, 2002, pp. 133–160. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41931284new window

Terrazas, Aaron Matteo. “Beyond Regional Circularity: The Emergence of an Ethiopian Diaspora.” Migration Policy Institute. 1 June 2007. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/beyond-regional-circularity-emergence-ethiopian-diasporanew window

Wynn, Adrienne, Greg Wigan, Marcia Watson-Vandiver, and Annette Teasdale. Race, Class, Gender, and Immigrant Identities in Education: Perspectives from First and Second Generation Ethiopian Students. New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2021.

“Director Messay Getahun Talks ‘Lambadina (Night Light)’ As a Different Kind of African Narrative.” ShadowandAct.com. Shadow and Act. 20 April 2017. https://shadowandact.com/montreal-international-black-film-festival-director-messay-getahun-talks-lambadina-night-light-as-a-different-kind-of-african-narrativenew window

Field, Allyson Nadia. “To Journey Imperfectly: Black Cinema Aesthetics and the Filmic Language of Sankofa.” Framework: The Journal of Cinema and Media, vol. 55, no. 2, [Drake Stutesman, Wayne State University Press], 2014, pp. 171–90, https://doi.org/10.13110/framework.55.2.0171new window 

“Filmmaker Haile Gerima.” NPR.org. WAMU. 5 April 1994. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1107587new window

Grayson, Sandra M. “‘SPIRITS OF ASONA ANCESTORS COME’: READING ASANTE SIGNS IN HAILE GERIMA’S ‘SANKOFA.’” CLA Journal, vol. 42, no. 2, College Language Association, 1998, pp. 212–27, http://www.jstor.org/stable/44323194new window

“Haile Gerima on the Role of Storytelling in His Work.” Arts.gov. National Endowment for the Arts. ND. 
https://www.arts.gov/stories/other/haile-gerima-role-storytelling-his-work#transcriptnew window

“Haile Gerima’s Black Radical Tradition On Screen: African Cinema of Liberation at Home and Abroad.” Black Camera, vol. 3, no. 1, Indiana University Press, 2011, pp. 7–8, https://doi.org/10.2979/blackcamera.3.1.7new window

“Interview: Haile Gerima on His Oeuvre, Concern for the Future of Black Indie Cinema + More.” ShadowAndAct.com. Shadow and Act. 20 April 2017. https://shadowandact.com/interview-haile-gerima-on-his-oeuvre-concern-for-the-future-of-black-indie-cinema-morenew window

Jackson, J. L. (2010). Decolonizing the Filmic Mind: An Interview with Haile Gerima. CALLALOO: A Journal of African Diaspora Arts and Letters, 33 (1), 25-36. https://yehaarts.com/upload/PDF/embodiment/Haile%20Gerima.pdf (PDF, )

Jackson, John L., Jr. “A Conversation on Black Aesthetics.” YouTube.com. Blackstar Film Festival. 4 August 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Q6Je-QvS8s&feature=youtu.benew window

Kandé, Sylvie, and Joe Karaganis. “Look Homeward, Angel: Maroons and Mulattos in Haile Gerima’s ‘Sankofa.’” Research in African Literatures, vol. 29, no. 2, Indiana University Press, 1998, pp. 128–46, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3820726new window

“L.A. Rebellion: Haile Gerima.” CinemaUCLA.edu. UCLA Media and Film Archive. 2014. 
 https://www.cinema.ucla.edu/la-rebellion/haile-gerimanew window

Marbrey, Stacey. “Let’s Talk ‘Residue’.” Slamdance, 2020. https://slamdance.com/merawi-gerima-on-residue/

McKenna. Kristine. “‘Sankofa’: A Saga of Slavery Reaches the Big Screen: Movies: Haile Gerima Hit a Brick Wall When Trying to Finance His Story of a Black Woman, So He Did It Himself.” LATimes.com. Los Angeles Times. 29 May 1995. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-05-29-ca-7370-story.htmlnew window

Saito, Steven. “Interview: Vivid Portrait on the Emotions That Never Fade Away.” Moveablefest.com, 17 Sept. 2020. http://moveablefest.com/merawi-gerima-residue/new window

Sankofa with Haile Gerima and Aboubacar Sanogo -TIFF Talks.” Youtube.com. 16 April 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aN0p-7EFkw8new window

Sandoval, Lapacazo.  “Ethiopian Filmmaker Salome Mulugeta’s Captivating Family Drama, 'WOVEN,' Is A Must-See.” Essence.com.  4 Jan. 2019. https://www.essence.com/entertainment/woven-salome-mulugeta-ethiopian-filmmaker/new window

Sandoval, Lapacazo. “A Year after the Los Angeles Film Festival, An Ethiopian Filmmaker’s Career Soars: A Year with Salome Mulugeta.” LASentinel.net. Los Angeles Sentinal. 1 June 2017.  https://lasentinel.net/a-year-after-the-los-angeles-film-festival-an-ethiopian-filmmakers-career-soars.htmlnew window

Thomas, Greg. "Haile Gerima’s Black Radical Tradition On Screen: African Cinema of Liberation at Home and Abroad." Black Camera, vol. 3 no. 1, 2011, p. 7-8.

Thomas, Greg. “On Teza, Cinema, and American Empire: An Interview with Haile Gerima.” Black Camera, vol. 4, no. 2, 2013, pp. 84–104. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/blackcamera.4.2.84new window

Turner, Diane D., and Muata Kamdibe. “Haile Gerima: In Search of an Africana Cinema.” Journal of Black Studies, vol. 38, no. 6, Sage Publications, Inc., 2008, pp. 968–91, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40035034new window

Vivarelli, Nick. “Director Merawi Gerima on ‘Residue’ as a Weapon in Battle for Black People’s Rights.” Variety, 12 Sept. 2020. https://variety.com/2020/film/news/merawi-gerima-on-residue-as-a-weapon-in-battle-for-black-peoples-rights-1234766535/new window

Woubshet, Dagmawi, and SALEM MEKURIA. “AN INTERVIEW WITH SALEM MEKURIA.” Callaloo, vol. 33, no. 1, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010, pp. 314–17, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40732823new window

Chacko, Elizabeth. “Identity and Assimilation among Young Ethiopian Immigrants in Metropolitan Washington.” Geographical Review, vol. 93, no. 4, [American Geographical Society, Wiley], 2003, pp. 491–506, http://www.jstor.org/stable/30033939new window

Chernela, Janet, et al. “IDEOLOGIES OF HERITAGE: LANGUAGE, COMMUNITY, AND IDENTITY AMONG ETHIOPIAN IMMIGRANTS IN PRINCE GEORGE’S COUNTY, MARYLAND.” Practicing Anthropology, vol. 31, no. 3, Society for Applied Anthropology, 2009, pp. 15–19, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24781915new window

Girma, Hewan. “Black Names, Immigrant Names: Navigating Race and Ethnicity Through Personal Names.” Journal of Black Studies, vol. 51, no. 1, Jan. 2020, pp. 16–36.

Habecker, Shelly. “Not Black, but Habasha: Ethiopian and Eritrean Immigrants in American Society.” Ethnic & Racial Studies, vol. 35, no. 7, July 2012, pp. 1200–1219. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2011.598232new window

Kai, Nubia. “JOURNEY TO MY ETHIOPEAN HOMELAND.” The Journal of African American History, vol. 98, no. 4, Association for the Study of African American Life and History, 2013, pp. 623–35, https://doi.org/10.5323/jafriamerhist.98.4.0623new window

Jalata, Asafa. “Being in and out of Africa: The Impact of Duality of Ethiopianism.” Journal of Black Studies, vol. 40, no. 2, 2009, pp. 189–214 https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934707307833new window

Raleigh, Elizabeth. “The Color Line Exception: The Transracial Adoption of Foreign-Born and Biracial Black Children.” Women, Gender, and Families of Color, vol. 4, no. 1, University of Illinois Press, 2016, pp. 86–107, https://doi.org/10.5406/womgenfamcol.4.1.0086new window

Sexton, Jared. “People-of-Color-Blindness: Notes on the Afterlife of Slavery.” Social Text, vol. 28, no. 2_103, Summer 2010, pp. 31–56. https://doi.org/10.1215/01642472-2009-066new window

Wilson, Ivy. “‘ARE YOU MAN ENOUGH?’ Imagining Ethiopia and Transnational Black Masculinity.” Callaloo, vol. 33, no. 1, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010, pp. 265–77, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40732815new window

Yates, Brian J. “From White Males to Black Females: Understanding the National Bodies of Ethiopia (1896-1936).” Journal of Black Studies, vol. 44, no. 1, Sage Publications, Inc., 2013, pp. 81–100, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23414705new window

Languages and Literatures of the Major Ethnic Groups in the Ethiopian Community

These articles show that Ethiopia is not linguistically or ethnically monolithic and that there is a modern literary tradition in the languages (Afaan Oroma, Amharic, Tigrinya) of the three largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia.

Admassu, Yonas. “What Were They Writing About Anyway?: Tradition and Modernization in Amharic Literature.” Callaloo, volume 33, no. 1, 2010, pp. 64-81.

Ghirmai, Negash. “A History of Tigrinya Literature in Eritrea: The Oral and the Written 1890–1991.” Research in African Literatures, vol. 43, no. 1, 2012, pp. 58–64.

Tafa, Teferi Nigussie. “The representation of ‘Ethiopianness’ and ‘Oromoness’ in Two Oromo-language Novels: Yoomi Laataa by Isaayas Hordofaa and Kuusaa Gadoo by Gaaddisaa Birruu.” Journal of African Cultural Studies, vol. 27, no. 1, 2015, 2015, pp. 84–97.

Adebayo, Sakiru. “Dis/Ruptures of Home and Citizenship: Memory, Migration and the Production of Translocalities in Dinaw Mengestu’s Children of the Revolution.” Kairos: A Journal of Critical Symposium, vol. 4, no. 1, 2019, pp. 94–106.

Belcher, Wendy Laura. “FROM SHEBA THEY COME Medieval Ethiopian Myth, US Newspapers, and a Modern American Narrative.” Callaloo, vol. 33, no. 1, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010, pp. 239–57, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40732813new window

Goyal, Yogita. “We Need New Diasporas.” Runaway Genres: The Global Afterlives of Slavery, edited by Yogita Goyal, New York University Press, 2019, pp. 171–210.

Haile, Getatchew. “Amharic Poetry of the Ethiopian Diaspora in America: A Sampler.” Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, vol. 15, no. 2/3, Fall/Winter2006 2006, pp. 321–339. DOI: 10.1353/dsp.2011.0069

Hamilton, Grant. “Aporia and Diaspora: the Unliveable Life in Dinaw Mengestu’s How to Read the Air,” Journal of the African Literature Association, 12:2 (2018), 153-165. 

Kiper, Dmitry. “Dinaw Mengestu.” Current Biography, vol. 76, no. 1, Apr. 2015, pp. 37–42.  

Ledent, Bénédicte. “Reconfiguring the African Diaspora in Dinaw Mengestu’s The Beautiful Things That Heaven Bears.” Research in African Literatures, vol. 46, no. 4, Indiana University Press, 2015, pp. 107–18, https://doi.org/10.2979/reseafrilite.46.4.107new window

Mengestu, Dinaw. “Lost and Found Identities in Dinaw Mengestu’s All Our Names. PBS.org/newshour. PBS. 14 May 2014. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/arts/moment-hope-lost-found-identities-namesnew window

Musila, Grace A. “The Afterlives of Slavery and the Narrative Pressures of Black Precarity in Dinaw Mengestu’s How to Read the Air.” Slavery & Abolition, vol. 41, no. 1, Mar. 2020, pp. 110–130.

Openda, Ruth Kwamboka. “Alienation and Estrangement in Dinaw Mengestu’s All Our Names.” Tydskrif Vir Letterkunde, vol. 58, no. 1, 2021, pp. 25–34.

Palmer, Jack. “Interview with Maaza Mengiste.” BombMagazine.org. BOMB. 11 January 2010. https://bombmagazine.org/articles/maaza-mengistenew window

Sbiri, Kamal. “Décalage and Borderscaping in Dinaw Mengestu’s The Beautiful Things That Heaven Bears.” Journal of the African Literature Association, vol. 15, no. 2, 2021, pp. 257–271.

Singer, Christoph. “The Camp as Extra-Temporal Space in E.C. Osondu’s ‘Waiting’ and Dinaw Mengestu’s ‘An Honest Exit.’” Timescapes of Waiting: Spaces of Stasis, Delay and Deferral, edited by Christoph Singer et al., Brill/Rodopi, 2019, pp. 94–107.

Tembo, Nick M. "Reframing Migrant Identities: Namelessness and Impersonation in Dinaw Mengestu's All Our Names." Literator: Journal of Literary Criticism, Comparative Linguistics and Literary Studies, vol. 40, no. 1, 2019. DOI:10.4102/lit.v40i1.1581

Tembo, Nick Mdika. “Challenging Androcentric Conceptions of Nationalism: Reimagining Female Agency in Maaza Mengiste’s Beneath the Lion’s Gaze.” Scrutiny2: Issues in English Studies in Southern Africa, vol. 25, no. 3, 2020, pp. 24–35. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/18125441.2020.1780300.

Thomas, Steven W. “The Context of Multi-Ethnic Politics for Ethiopian American Literature.” MELUS: The Journal of the Society for the Study of the Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States, vol. 45, no. 1, 2020, pp. 117–138.

Ulaby, Neda. “Ethiopian-American Artists Make Their Mark.” NPR.org. NPR. 13 March 2008. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7853032new window

Varvogli, A. (2017). Urban Mobility and Race: Dinaw Mengestu's The Beautiful Things That Heaven Bears and Teju Cole's Open City. Studies in American Fiction, 44(2), 235-257. https://doi.org/10.1353/saf.2017.0010new window

Woubshet, Dagmawi, and ANDREAS ESHETE. “AN INTERVIEW WITH ANDREAS ESHETE.” Callaloo, vol. 33, no. 1, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010, pp. 102–16, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40732798new window

Shelemay, Kay Kaufman. “Ethiopian Musical Invention in Diaspora: A Tale of Three Musicians.” Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, vol. 15, no. 2/3, Fall/Winter2006 2006, pp. 303–320.  DOI: 10.1353/dsp.2011.0067

Webster-Kogen, Ilana. “Engendering Homeland: Migration, Diaspora and Feminism in Ethiopian Music.” Journal of African Cultural Studies, vol. 25, no. 2, 2013, pp. 183–196. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/42005318new window

Heldman, Marilyn E. “Creating Sacred Space: Orthodox Churches of the Ethiopian American Diaspora.” Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, vol. 15, no. 2/3, Fall/Winter2006 2006, pp. 285–302. DOI: 10.1353/dsp.2011.0078

Lozano, Teresita D. “‘It's a Coptic Thing’: Music, Liturgy, and Religious Identity in an American Coptic Community.” The World of Music, vol. 4, no. 2, 2015, pp. 37–56. New Series, www.jstor.org/stable/43774593new window

Sellers, Allison Paige. “The ‘Black Man's Bible’: The Holy Piby, Garveyism, and Black Supremacy in the Interwar Years.” Journal of Africana Religions, vol. 3, no. 3, 2015, pp. 325–342. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/jafrireli.3.3.0325new window

Allen, Andrea, et al. “Earthquake Impact on Miami Haitian Americans: The Role of Family/Social Connectedness.” Journal of Loss & Trauma, vol. 17, no. 4, July 2012, pp. 337–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2011.635577new window

Belizaire, Lonette S., and Jairo N. Fuertes. “Attachment, Coping, Acculturative Stress, and Quality of Life Among Haitian Immigrants.” Journal of Counseling & Development, vol. 89, no. 1, Winter 2011, pp. 89–97.  DOI: 10.1002/j.1556-6678.2011.tb00064.x https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-78649492741&doi=10.1002%2fj.15566678.2011.tb00064.x&partnerID=40&md5=7af5c5cf0a5c511582b1d45ff2c08ba8 new window

Brezenski, Thomas F. “Lessons Learned? A Comparison of Modern State Immigration Laws and Past Federal Health Policy in the Stigmatization of Minority Groups in the United States.” Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (1947-2900), vol. 3, no. 3, Sept. 2011, pp. 25–37. 

Byrd, Brandon R. “‘To Start Something to Help These People’: African American Women and the Occupation of Haiti, 1915-1934.” Journal of Haitian Studies, vol. 21, no. 2, 2015, pp. 154–180. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/43741125new window

Cenatus, Alexandra, Ivanna Moreno, and Margarita Vargas-Betancourt. “The Haitian American Dream Timeline.” University of Florida Center for the Humanities and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation. ND. https://exhibits.uflib.ufl.edu/HaitianAmericanDream/new window

Crichlow, Michaeline A. “Making Waves: (Dis)Placements, Entanglements, Mo(ve)Ments.” The Global South, vol. 6, no. 1, Indiana University Press, 2012, pp. 114–37, https://doi.org/10.2979/globalsouth.6.1.114new window

Daniels, Ron. “Haitians Helping Haitians on the Ground.” New York Amsterdam News, vol. 101, no. 8, 18 Feb. 2010, p. 13.

Edmonds, Kevin. “Haiti: Pushed Out and Pulled Away.” NACLA Report on the Americas, vol. 49, no. 4, Dec. 2017, pp. 398–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714839.2017.1409006new window

Etienne, Vadricka Y. “Keeping It in the Family: Cultural Socialization among Haitian American Families.” Current Sociology, July 2021, p. 1.  doi:10.1177/00113921211028634.

Fanning, Sara. Caribbean Crossing: African Americans and the Haitian Emigration Movement. NYU Press, 2015. 

“From Douglass to Duvalier: U.S. African Americans, Haiti, and Pan Americanism, 1870-1964.” Journal of Pan African Studies, vol. 4, no. 3, Mar. 2011, p. 178. https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jas069new window

Holden, Stephen. “The Old Country Never Goes Away.” New York Times, vol. 164, no. 56692, 21 Nov. 2014, p. C6.  https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/21/movies/haitian-diaspora-in-stones-in-the-sun.htmlnew window

Ioanide, Paula. “The Story of Abner Louima: Cultural Fantasies, Gendered Racial Violence, and the Ethical Witness.” Journal of Haitian Studies, vol. 13, no. 1, 2007, pp. 4–26. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41715340new window

Jackson, Regine O. Ed. Geographies of the Haitian Diaspora. New York, Routledge,  2011.

Jervis, Rick. “New Orleans, Haiti Linked by History and Tragedy.” USA Today.  https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2010-01-28-Haiti-New-Orleans-connection_N.htmnew window

Johnson, Violet Showers. “When Blackness Stings: African and Afro-Caribbean Immigrants, Race, and Racism in Late Twentieth-Century America.” Journal of American Ethnic History, vol. 36, no. 1, [University of Illinois Press, Immigration & Ethnic History Society], 2016, pp. 31–62, https://doi.org/10.5406/jamerethnhist.36.1.0031new window

Markel, Howard, and Alexandra Minna Stern. “The Foreignness of Germs: The Persistent Association of Immigrants and Disease in American Society.” The Milbank Quarterly, vol. 80, no. 4, 2002, pp. 757–788. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3350445new window

O'Brien, Colleen C. “Paternal Solicitude and Haitian Emigration: The First American Occupation?” South Central Review, vol. 30, no. 1, 2013, pp. 32–54., www.jstor.org/stable/44016817new window

Olsen-Medina, Kira, and Jeanne Batalova. “Haitian Immigrants in the United States.” Migration Policy Institute. 12 Aug. 2020. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/haitian-immigrants-united-states-2018new window

Pamphile, Leon. Haitians and African-Americans: A Legacy of Tragedy and Hope. Miami, University of Florida Press, 2001. 

Persaud, Felicia. “How Some of Haiti’s Elite Helped Screw 50,000 of Their Own.” New York Amsterdam News, vol. 108, no. 22, June 2017, p. http://www.haitian-truth.org/how-some-of-haiti%E2%80%99s-elite-helped-screw-50000-of-their-own/new window

Pierre, Beaudelaine. You May Have the Suitcase Now. Minneapolis, New Rivers Press, 2021.

Pierre-Louis, François. “A Long Journey from Protest to Incorporation: The Political Development of Haitians in New York City.” Journal of Haitian Studies, vol. 17, no. 2, 2011, pp. 52–72. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41715433new window

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Saito, Steven. “Interview: Vivid Portrait on the Emotions That Never Fade Away.” Moveablefest.com, 17 Sept. 2020. http://moveablefest.com/merawi-gerima-residue/new window

Sankofa with Haile Gerima and Aboubacar Sanogo -TIFF Talks.” Youtube.com. 16 April 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aN0p-7EFkw8new window

Sandoval, Lapacazo.  “Ethiopian Filmmaker Salome Mulugeta’s Captivating Family Drama, 'WOVEN,' Is A Must-See.” Essence.com.  4 Jan. 2019. https://www.essence.com/entertainment/woven-salome-mulugeta-ethiopian-filmmaker/new window

Sandoval, Lapacazo. “A Year after the Los Angeles Film Festival, An Ethiopian Filmmaker’s Career Soars: A Year with Salome Mulugeta.” LASentinel.net. Los Angeles Sentinal. 1 June 2017. https://lasentinel.net/a-year-after-the-los-angeles-film-festival-an-ethiopian-filmmakers-career-soars.htmlnew window

Thomas, Greg. "Haile Gerima’s Black Radical Tradition On Screen: African Cinema of Liberation at Home and Abroad." Black Camera, vol. 3 no. 1, 2011, p. 7-8.

Thomas, Greg. “On Teza, Cinema, and American Empire: An Interview with Haile Gerima.” Black Camera, vol. 4, no. 2, 2013, pp. 84–104. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/blackcamera.4.2.84new window

Turner, Diane D., and Muata Kamdibe. “Haile Gerima: In Search of an Africana Cinema.” Journal of Black Studies, vol. 38, no. 6, Sage Publications, Inc., 2008, pp. 968–91, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40035034new window

Vivarelli, Nick. “Director Merawi Gerima on ‘Residue’ as a Weapon in Battle for Black People’s Rights.” Variety, 12 Sept. 2020. https://variety.com/2020/film/news/merawi-gerima-on-residue-as-a-weapon-in-battle-for-black-peoples-rights-1234766535/new window

Woubshet, Dagmawi, and SALEM MEKURIA. “AN INTERVIEW WITH SALEM MEKURIA.” Callaloo, vol. 33, no. 1, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010, pp. 314–17, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40732823new window 

“Guetty Felin.” Haiti – Cultures. HaitiSplaPro. South Planet. 2020. http://haiti.spla.pro/en/file.person.guetty-felin.17710.htmlnew window

Patricia Benoit.” CaribbeanFilm.org. Caribbean Film Academy. 18 Jan. 2020. http://caribbeanfilm.org/patricia-benoit/new window

Adejunmobi, Moradewun. “Evolving Nollywood Templates for Minor Transnational Film.” Black Camera, vol. 5, no. 2, 2014, pp. 74–94. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/blackcamera.5.2.74new window

“Andrew Dosunmu.” LittleMinxTV. N.D. https://www.littleminx.tv/andrew-dosunmunew window

Cohn, Gabe. “He Won $1M To Make a Movie. Then the Problems Set In.” New York Times. 19 April 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/19/movies/tribeca-film-festival-winner-faraday-okoro.htmlnew window

Goffe, Leslie. “Nollywood Goes to America.” New African, no. 494, Apr. 2010, pp. 20–21.  https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Nollywood+goes+to+America%3a+Leslie+Goffe+reports+on+the+rise+of...-a0224534699new window

JONES, KRISTIN M. “Mother of George.” Film Comment, vol. 49, no. 5, Temporary Publisher, 2013, pp. 68–70, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43459771new window

Jones, Rendy. “An Objective Subjectivity: Julius Onah and J.C. Lee on Adapting Luce, Code-Switching and Frantz Fanon.” Filmmaker Magazine. 22 August 2019.  https://filmmakermagazine.com/107936-an-objective-subjectivity-julius-onah-and-j-c-lee-on-adapting-luce-code-switching-and-frantz-fanon/#.XiN68chKjD4new window

“Julius Onah.” Filmmakermagazine.com. ND. https://filmmakermagazine.com/people/julius-onah/#.XiN9NMhKjD4new window

Laffly, Tomris. “Sundance Interview 2019: Julius Onah on ‘Luce’.” RogerEbert.com. 28 Jan. 2019. https://www.rogerebert.com/sundance/sundance-2019-interview-julius-onah-on-lucenew window

Musa, Bala. Nollywood in Glocal Perspective. London: Palgrave McMillan, 2019.

Obensen, Tabay. “‘Luce’: How Will Smith and Barack Obama Inspired Questions About Black Masculinity in Provocative Film.” IndieWire. 2 August 2019. https://www.indiewire.com/2019/08/luce-julius-onah-interview-1202162706/new window

Obiaya, Ikechukwu. “A Break with the Past: The Nigerian Video-Film Industry in the Context of Colonial Filmmaking.” Film History, vol. 23, no. 2, Indiana University Press, 2011, pp. 129–46, https://doi.org/10.2979/filmhistory.23.2.129new window

Ramanthan, Guru. “The Million Dollar Story of Faraday Okoro.” Washington Square News. 22 Oct. 2018. https://nyunews.com/2018/10/22/nyu-mfa-alum-faraday-okoro-talks-to-wsn-about-debut-film-nigerian-prince/new window

“Untold Stories: Nigerian Prince.” AT&T. 2020. https://about.att.com/pages/nigerian_princenew window

Ater, Renée. “Making History: Meta Warrick Fuller's ‘Ethiopia.’” American Art, vol. 17, no. 3, 2003, pp. 13–1. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1215807new window

Demissie, Fassil, Ed. Ethiopians in an Age of Migration: Scattered Lives Beyond Borders. Routledge, 2017.

Demessie, Menna. “Rethinking the American Dream: The Cost of Coming to America: Immigration and Depression in the Case of Sinedu Tadesse.” International Journal of Ethiopian Studies, vol. 4, no. 1/2, 2009, pp. 85–104. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27828906new window

Farmer, Ashley D.. “Mothers of Pan-Africanism: Audley Moore and Dara Abubakari.” Women, Gender, and Families of Color, vol. 4, no. 2, University of Illinois Press, 2016, pp. 274–95, https://doi.org/10.5406/womgenfamcol.4.2.0274new window

Gebrekidan, Fikru Negash. “Ethiopia in Black Studies from W. E. B. Du Bois to Henry Louis Gates, Jr.” Northeast African Studies, vol. 15, no. 1, Michigan State University Press, 2015, pp. 1–34, https://doi.org/10.14321/nortafristud.15.1.0001new window

Getachew, Solomon Addis. The History of Ethiopian Immigrants and Refugees in America, 1900-2000. LFB Scholarly Publishing, 2006.
https://doi.org/10.1080/21674736.2018.1512809new window

Guenther, Katja M., et al. “The Impact of Intersecting Dimensions of Inequality and Identity on the Racial Status of Eastern African Immigrants.” Sociological Forum, vol. 26, no. 1, 2011, pp. 98–120. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/23027283new window

Jalata, Asafa. “Comparing the African American And Oromo Movements in the Global Context.” Social Justice, vol. 30, no. 1 (91), 2003, pp. 67–111. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/29768167new window

Kobel, Paul S. "Ethiopian Americans." Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited by Thomas Riggs, 3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2014, pp. 107-118.

Levine, Donald N. “Ethiopia's Nationhood Reconsidered.” Análise Social, vol. 46, no. 199, 2011, pp. 311–327. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41494856new window

Levine, Donald N. “Reconfiguring the Ethiopian Nation in a Global Era.” International Journal of Ethiopian Studies, vol. 1, no. 2, 2004, pp. 1–15. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/27828836new window

McVety, Amanda Kay. “The 1903 Skinner Mission: Images of Ethiopia in the Progressive Era.” The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era, vol. 10, no. 2, Society for Historians of the Gilded Age & Progressive Era, 2011, pp. 187–212, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23045157new window

Metaferia, Getachew. Ethiopia and the United States: History, Diplomacy, and Analysis. NC, Algora, 2009.

Putnam, Aric. “Ethiopia Is Now: J. A. Rogers and the Rhetoric of Black Anticolonialism During the Great Depression.” Rhetoric and Public Affairs, vol. 10, no. 3, 2007, pp. 419–444. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41940154new window

Quirin, James. “W.E.B. Du Bois, Ethiopianism and Ethiopia, 1890-1955.” International Journal of Ethiopian Studies, vol. 5, no. 2, 2010, pp. 1–26. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41757589new window 

Scott, William. “The Ethiopian Ethos in African American Thought.” International Journal of Ethiopian Studies, vol. 1, no. 2, 2004, pp. 40–57. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/27828838new window

White, Aaronette M. “Unpacking Black Feminist Pedagogy in Ethiopia.” Feminist Teacher, vol. 21, no. 3, University of Illinois Press, 2011, pp. 195–211, https://doi.org/10.5406/femteacher.21.3.0195new window

“The Ethiopian Diaspora in the United States.” Migration Policy Institute. July 2014.

Jalata, Asafa. “The Place of the Oromo Diaspora in the Oromo National Movement: Lessons from the Agency of the ‘Old’ African Diaspora in the United States.” Northeast African Studies, vol. 9, no. 3, 2002, pp. 133–160. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41931284new window

Terrazas, Aaron Matteo. “Beyond Regional Circularity: The Emergence of an Ethiopian Diaspora.” Migration Policy Institute. 1 June 2007. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/beyond-regional-circularity-emergence-ethiopian-diasporanew window

Chacko, Elizabeth. “Identity and Assimilation among Young Ethiopian Immigrants in Metropolitan Washington.” Geographical Review, vol. 93, no. 4, [American Geographical Society, Wiley], 2003, pp. 491–506, http://www.jstor.org/stable/30033939new window

Chernela, Janet, et al. “IDEOLOGIES OF HERITAGE: LANGUAGE, COMMUNITY, AND IDENTITY AMONG ETHIOPIAN IMMIGRANTS IN PRINCE GEORGE’S COUNTY, MARYLAND.” Practicing Anthropology, vol. 31, no. 3, Society for Applied Anthropology, 2009, pp. 15–19, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24781915new window

Girma, Hewan. “Black Names, Immigrant Names: Navigating Race and Ethnicity Through Personal Names.” Journal of Black Studies, vol. 51, no. 1, Jan. 2020, pp. 16–36.

Habecker, Shelly. “Not Black, but Habasha: Ethiopian and Eritrean Immigrants in American Society.” Ethnic & Racial Studies, vol. 35, no. 7, July 2012, pp. 1200–1219. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2011.598232new window

Kai, Nubia. “JOURNEY TO MY ETHIOPEAN HOMELAND.” The Journal of African American History, vol. 98, no. 4, Association for the Study of African American Life and History, 2013, pp. 623–35, https://doi.org/10.5323/jafriamerhist.98.4.0623new window

Jalata, Asafa. “Being in and out of Africa: The Impact of Duality of Ethiopianism.” Journal of Black Studies, vol. 40, no. 2, 2009, pp. 189–214 https://doi.org/10.1177/0021934707307833new window

Raleigh, Elizabeth. “The Color Line Exception: The Transracial Adoption of Foreign-Born and Biracial Black Children.” Women, Gender, and Families of Color, vol. 4, no. 1, University of Illinois Press, 2016, pp. 86–107, https://doi.org/10.5406/womgenfamcol.4.1.0086new window

Sexton, Jared. “People-of-Color-Blindness: Notes on the Afterlife of Slavery.” Social Text, vol. 28, no. 2_103, Summer 2010, pp. 31–56. https://doi.org/10.1215/01642472-2009-066new window

Wilson, Ivy. “‘ARE YOU MAN ENOUGH?’ Imagining Ethiopia and Transnational Black Masculinity.” Callaloo, vol. 33, no. 1, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010, pp. 265–77, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40732815new window

Yates, Brian J. “From White Males to Black Females: Understanding the National Bodies of Ethiopia (1896-1936).” Journal of Black Studies, vol. 44, no. 1, Sage Publications, Inc., 2013, pp. 81–100, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23414705new window

Languages and Literatures of the Major Ethnic Groups in the Ethiopian Community

These articles show that Ethiopia is not linguistically or ethnically monolithic and that there is a modern literary tradition in the languages (Afaan Oroma, Amharic, Tigrinya) of the three largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia.

Admassu, Yonas. “What Were They Writing About Anyway?: Tradition and Modernization in Amharic Literature.” Callaloo, volume 33, no. 1, 2010, pp. 64-81.

Ghirmai, Negash. “A History of Tigrinya Literature in Eritrea: The Oral and the Written 1890–1991.” Research in African Literatures, vol. 43, no. 1, 2012, pp. 58–64.

Tafa, Teferi Nigussie. “The representation of ‘Ethiopianness’ and ‘Oromoness’ in Two Oromo-language Novels: Yoomi Laataa by Isaayas Hordofaa and Kuusaa Gadoo by Gaaddisaa Birruu.” Journal of African Cultural Studies, vol. 27, no. 1, 2015, 2015, pp. 84–97.

Shelemay, Kay Kaufman. “Ethiopian Musical Invention in Diaspora: A Tale of Three Musicians.” Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, vol. 15, no. 2/3, Fall/Winter2006 2006, pp. 303–320.  DOI: 10.1353/dsp.2011.0067

Webster-Kogen, Ilana. “Engendering Homeland: Migration, Diaspora and Feminism in Ethiopian Music.” Journal of African Cultural Studies, vol. 25, no. 2, 2013, pp. 183–196. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/42005318new window

Heldman, Marilyn E. “Creating Sacred Space: Orthodox Churches of the Ethiopian American Diaspora.” Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, vol. 15, no. 2/3, Fall/Winter2006 2006, pp. 285–302. DOI: 10.1353/dsp.2011.0078

Lozano, Teresita D. “‘It's a Coptic Thing’: Music, Liturgy, and Religious Identity in an American Coptic Community.” The World of Music, vol. 4, no. 2, 2015, pp. 37–56. New Series, www.jstor.org/stable/43774593new window

Sellers, Allison Paige. “The ‘Black Man's Bible’: The Holy Piby, Garveyism, and Black Supremacy in the Interwar Years.” Journal of Africana Religions, vol. 3, no. 3, 2015, pp. 325–342. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/jafrireli.3.3.0325new window